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For the Sumo wrestler from Georgia, see Kokkai Futoshi. Fruits included papaya, mandarin oranges, other oranges, apples, persimmons, strawberries, grapes, melons, watermelon, peaches, pears, kiwifruit, pineapple, bananas, 100% orange juice, and 100% apple juice. 3 for Windows (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and Stata version 13. 50 in men and 0. We estimated hazard ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals for a 10 point increase in the standard and modified scores. Because the questionnaire that was used for the five year follow-up survey (that is, the second survey) provided more comprehensive information about food intake than the questionnaire that was used for the baseline survey, we used the second survey data as the baseline data for this analysis. Candidates for the lower house must be 25 years old or older and 30 years or older for the upper house. 52 and 0. In addition, to visually inspect possible non-linear associations, we used restricted cubic spline with five knots placed at the 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th centiles of the food guide score. Dietary intake between the second and the third surveys was moderately stable. In one serving of fruits, the main ingredient weighs about 100 g. 55 for vegetable dishes, 0. It is composed of a lower house called the House of Representatives, and an upper house, called the House of Councillors. One serving of a grain dish is composed of about 40 g carbohydrates. House of Councillors: Of 242 members, 146 are elected from 47 prefectural constituencies by means of the Single Non-Transferable Vote. The participants of cohort II included residents aged 40-69 from six public health centre areas (Ibaraki, Niigata, Kochi, Nagasaki, Okinawa-Miyako, and Osaka). The first model was adjusted for age, sex, and study area, and the second model was further adjusted for BMI, smoking status, total physical activity, history of diabetes mellitus, history of hypertension, history of dyslipidaemia, coffee consumption, green tea consumption, and occupation. 1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). Snacks and alcoholic beverages included Japanese rice wine (sake), shochu, beer, whisky, wine, Japanese confectionaries, cake, biscuits, chocolate, canned coffee, coke, and sugar in tea and coffee. For example, the Liberal Democratic Party had controlled Japan for most of its post-war history, and it gained much of its support from rural areas. Scores can range from 0 to 70 (modified 0-80), with higher scores indicating better adherence and therefore a better diet. One serving of fish and meat dish contains about 6 g protein, and one serving of milk contains about 100 mg calcium. 64 for alcohol in men and women, respectively. Deaths and causes of death identified with the residential registry and death certificates. 54 and 0. 50 for energy from snacks, and 0. Generally, the election of Diet members is controlled by statutes passed by the Diet. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. To the best of our knowledge, only two Asian studies have previously examined the association between diet quality and mortality. We confirmed that the quadratic term of the score added to the multivariable adjusted model was not significantly associated with any outcome. 10). 28 For most food items, nine options were available for describing consumption frequency, ranging from rarely (less than once a month) to seven or more times a day. The Spearman rank correlation coefficients for each intake between the two surveys were as follows: 0. Lower mortality was observed for cardiovascular disease among those with a higher score for vegetable dishes or fruits, for cerebrovascular disease among those with a higher score for fish and meat dishes or fruits, and for heart disease among those with a higher milk score. 2) and 53. The Diet was first convened as the Imperial Diet in 1889 as a result of adopting the Meiji Constitution. Quality of diet and mortality among Japanese men and women: Japan Public Health Center based prospective study. 47 and 0. For information on Japanese food, see Japanese cuisine. Methods Study design The Japan Public Health Center based prospective (JPHC) study was launched in 1990 for cohort I and in 1993 for cohort II. Quality of diet and mortality among Japanese men and women: Japan Public Health Center based prospective study. First, we calculated the number of servings according to the food guide criteria. Table 1 Recommended amount of servings by dish category, total energy, and energy from snacks and alcoholic beverages in Japanese food guide View this table: View popup View inline We determined the scores by measuring adherence to the food guide from information in the food frequency questionnaire. Regarding food intake, a standard portion size was specified for each food item and the respondents were asked to assess their usual portion size relative to the standard specified for each food item using three options (less than half, standard, and more than one and half times). Voters are also asked to cast two votes: one for an individual candidate in a constituency, and one for a party list. Data were analysed stratified by sex, BMI ( 0. The Constitution of Japan does not specify the number of members of each house of the Diet, the voting system, or the necessary qualifications of those who may vote or be returned in parliamentary elections, thus allowing all of these things to be determined by law. The remaining 96 are elected by open list PR from a single national list. The Diet took its current form in 1947 upon the adoption of the post-war constitution and is considered by the Constitution to be the highest organ of state power. Closer adherence to Japanese dietary guidelines was associated with a lower risk of total mortality and mortality from cardiovascular disease, particularly from cerebrovascular disease, in Japanese adults. Information on medical histories and health related lifestyles including smoking, drinking, and dietary habits was obtained at each survey. To examine the association between adherence to the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top and total and cause specific mortality. 50 for fish and meat dishes, 0.
For individuals who were lost to follow-up, we used the last confirmed date of their participation in the study area as the censoring date. Intermediate intakes were scored proportionately between 0 and 10. 52 and 0. The Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top is based on the Dietary Guidelines for Japanese, released in 2000, and guides people as to the types and amounts of food they should eat each day to promote health. We prospectively examined the associations between the standard and modified scores on the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top and total and cause specific mortality using data from a large scale population based cohort study in Japan. 51 for milk, 0. In addition to passing laws, the Diet is formally responsible for selecting the Prime Minister. Grain dishes included rice, vitamin enriched rice, rice with cereal, bread, Japanese wheat noodles, buckwheat noodles, Okinawa noodles, Chinese noodles, and rice cakes. 49 and 0. We classified participants who engaged in manual labour or walked at least one hour a day as moderately physically active and the remaining as sedentary. 64 and 0. 45 in women. All group scores were summed to obtain a total score ranging from 0 (the lowest adherence) to 70 (the highest adherence). 33 The major endpoint of the present study was mortality from all causes, cancer (ICD-10 codes C00 to C97), cardiovascular disease (I00 to I99), heart disease (I20 to I52), and cerebrovascular disease (I60 to I69). We also excluded 6328 participants who reported history of cancer, stroke, ischaemic heart disease, or chronic liver disease in the baseline and second survey. 27 The participants of cohort I included residents aged 40-59 from five Japanese public health centre areas (Iwate, Akita, Nagano, Okinawa-Chubu, and Tokyo). 46 and 0. When this calculation produced a negative score because of excess servings or energy, the score was converted to 0. In the food guide, the amount of food that counts as one serving is defined for each category. All analyses were performed with SAS version 9. If individuals exceeded or fell short of the recommended servings or energy, the score was calculated proportionately between 0 and 10. Red meat was defined as steak, grilled and stewed beef, stir fried pork, deep fried pork, Western style stewed pork, Japanese style stewed pork, pork in soup, pork liver, ham, sausage or Wiener sausage, bacon and luncheon meats, and chicken liver. See also: Elections in Japan and List of members of the Diet of Japan. A self administrated questionnaire survey was conducted at baseline and at the five and 10 year follow-ups. The reference value for estimating hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals was chosen as 8, the lowest value of this score. 45 for grain dishes, 0. There are no plans to involve patients in dissemination. The score on the food guide between two surveys was also moderately stable. Both houses of the Diet are directly elected under parallel voting systems. 52 and 0. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient of the score was 0. In one serving of a vegetable dish, the main ingredient weighs about 70 g. We estimated hazard ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals for mortality from total and cause specific mortality for a 1 point increment in the score for each dish category. 56 for fruits, 0. Mortality from heart disease was not associated with the score. The houses of the Diet are both elected under parallel voting systems. 0), respectively. Causes of deaths were confirmed through death certificates (with permission) and were defined according to ICD-10 (international classification of diseases, 10th revision). 4 (SD 10. These studies showed an association between adherence to the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top and the Chinese Food Pagoda and lower risk of mortality in each of the respective populations. The linear trend was computed by treating exposure as a continuous variable. Large scale population based prospective cohort study in Japan with follow-up for a median of 15 years. 51 for total energy, 0. 10 19 As the Japanese study was conducted in a single city, 10 the results obtained might not be generalisable to the entire Japanese population. However it does guarantee universal adult suffrage and a secret ballot. If individuals consumed the recommended amount of servings from any of the five categories or the recommended total energy or energy from snacks and alcoholic beverages, 10 points were given for that group. Results At baseline (the time of the second survey), the mean standard and modified scores on the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top were 47. Gram quantities were summed and used to calculate the ratio. 0 (SD 11. Statistical analysis We calculated person years of follow-up for each person starting from the date of response to the second survey questionnaire until the date of death, emigration from Japan, or 31 December 2012, whichever came first. Each score was rounded off to the nearest whole number. Participants were divided into fourths of food guide scores. Food frequency questionnaire The second survey included data on 147 food and beverage items and nine frequency categories. Patient involvement No patients were involved in setting the research question or the outcome measures, nor were they involved in the design and implementation of the study.
